The big picture
Each new model answered a result the last could not.
| Idea | Remember |
|---|---|
| The piece has parts | Cathode rays are electrons. Every atom has them. |
| Something with a charge | Electron −1, proton +1. An atom is neutral. |
| Where the mass sits | A tiny, dense nucleus. Most of an atom is empty space. |
| A picture that had to change | Dalton, then Thomson, then Rutherford, then Bohr. |
| Shells | K, L, M hold 2, 8, 18. The outermost shell holds at most 8. |
| Which atom is it | Z = protons. A = protons + neutrons. |
| Filling the shells | K takes 2. L takes 8. M takes only 8 in the first 18 elements. The outermost shell holds at most 8. |
| The outer shell decides | Generally, fewer than 4 outer electrons: lose. More than 4: gain. Exactly 4: share. |
Now open Chapter 8, Journey Inside the Atom, in your book. Try its questions with these ideas.